Following the Revolution of 1917 the statue remained in place as a symbol of tsarist autocracy until 1937 when it was placed in storage. Dagmar was so delighted by the First Hen egg that Alexander gave her an egg every year as an Easter tradition. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. When they were looking at photographs of the deceased Nicholas, Alexander proposed to Dagmar. The rest would bear a princely title and the style of Serene Highness. As he passed where I was standing, he raised his head for a second, and to this day I can remember what I felt as our eyes met. 1871), Xenia (b. Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 415, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 441, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 442, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 451, I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration. King of Macedon and conqueror of Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, and Persia. [4], Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the Franco-Prussian War, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of Berlin while the Tsesarevich made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French. )[citation needed] Other conservative advisors included Count D. A. Tolstoy (minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and I. N. Durnovo (D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). In his opinion, Russia was to be saved from anarchical disorders and revolutionary agitation not by the parliamentary institutions and so-called liberalism of western Europe but by the three principles of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost. The museum was established on 25 (O.S. 20 October] 1894. To further alleviate the budget deficit, he implemented increased frugality and accounting in state finances. As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later (from 1880) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia. 356-323 bc. In the last years of his reign, Alexander II had been much disturbed by the spread of nihilist conspiracies. Each one received an annual salary of 250,000 rubles, and grand duchesses received a dowry of a million when they married. Although the existence of the Austro-German alliance was not disclosed to the Russians until 1887, the Tsarevich reached the conclusion that for Russia the best thing to do was to prepare for future contingencies by a radical scheme of military and naval reorganization. Tsar Alexander III and his son Tsar Nicholas II. / 10. mars 1845 greg. The marriage resulted in six children, including the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Nicholas II. Corrections? [27], Despite chilly relations with Berlin, the Tsar nevertheless confined himself to keeping a large number of troops near the German frontier. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. These included Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform that he died wearing, and his reading glasses. Talking about education, Alexander III and Pobedonostev went against the 1863 University Statute that Alexander II welcomed which allowed universities to govern themselves and have their own sense of governing for the faculty and students. Alexander's ascension to the throne was followed by an outbreak of anti-Jewish riots. [13][14][15][16], Alexander III disliked the extravagance of the rest of his family. Februarjul./ 10. In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. In 1894, Alexander III became ill with terminal kidney disease (nephritis). He was much more lenient with his children than most European monarchs, and he told their tutors, "I do not need porcelain, I want normal healthy Russian children.”[41] General Cherevin believed that the clever George was "the favorite of both parents". Alexander and his wife regularly spent their summers at Langinkoski manor along the Kymi River near Kotka on the Finnish coast, where their children were immersed in a Scandinavian lifestyle of relative modesty. He told Dagmar that "only with [our children] can I relax mentally, enjoy them and rejoice, looking at them. [54] Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. Never consulted on political questions, Alexander confined himself to military duties and fulfilled them in a conscientious and unobtrusive manner. It was also expensive for the Crown to pay so many grand dukes each year. 4/jan/2021 - Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov (Saint Petersburg 10 March 1845 – Livadia 1 November 1894) the second son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). The antagonism between father and son first appeared publicly during the Franco-German War, when the Tsar sympathized with Prussia and the tsarevich Alexander with the French. A sebaceous cyst on the left side of his nose caused him to be mocked by some of his contemporaries, and he sat for photographs and portraits with the right side of his face most prominent. With a deep insight into the tsar's moods and views, Girs was usually able to shape the final decisions by outmaneuvering hostile journalists, ministers, and even the Tsarina, as well as his own ambassadors. Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov conducts Tchaikovsky's 'Ceremonial Coronation March' of 1883, written to mark the coronation of Tsar Alexander III. By the end of his life, they loved each other deeply. i Livadija på Krim) var tsar av Det russiske keiserriket fra 1881 til 1894.Han ble etterfulgt av sin sønn Nikolaj II Alexander III Alexandrovitj (ryska Александр III Александрович), född 10 mars 1845 i S:t Petersburg, död 1 november 1894 i Livadija, var kejsare av Ryssland, kung av Polen och storfurste av Finland från 1881. While he was heir apparent from 1865 to 1881 Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.[4]. His education was not such as to soften these peculiarities. "[12], On 13 March 1881 (N.S.) ", Charles Jelavich, "Russo-Bulgarian relations, 1892-1896: with particular reference to the problem of the bulgarian succession. Alexander’s political ideal was a nation containing only one nationality, one language, one religion, and one form of administration; and he did his utmost to prepare for the realization of this ideal by imposing the Russian language and Russian schools on his German, Polish, and Finnish subjects, by fostering Orthodoxy at the expense of other confessions, by persecuting the Jews, and by destroying the remnants of German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the outlying provinces. On 19 May 1866, Alexander II informed his son that Russia had come to an agreement with the parents of Princess Dagmar of Denmark, the fiancée of his late elder brother Nicholas. The reign of Alexander II is marked by contrasts; while Alexander II was known as the "Tsar-Liberator" for his emancipation of the Russian serfs, he also reigned over one of the most repressive periods in Russian history and faced numerous attempts on his life, ultimately resulting in his assassination. [45] In contrast to the strict security observed in Russia, Alexander and Maria revelled in the relative freedom that they enjoyed in Denmark, Alexander once commenting to the Prince and Princess of Wales near the end of a visit that he envied them being able to return to a happy home in England, while he was returning to his Russian prison. ], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. [49], On 29 October [O.S. 15 May] 1883 at the Uspensky Sobor of the Moscow Kremlin.On the left of the dais can be seen his young son and heir, the Tsarevich Nicolas, and behind Nicolas can be seen a young Grand Duke George. Файл:Imperial Monogram of Tsar Alexander III of Russia.svg Матеріал з Вікіпедії — вільної енциклопедії. Bronze Commemorative Medal for the Russo-Turkish War, Dorpalen, Andreas. At his accession, the new Tsar, Alexander III, proclaims the autocracy to be unshakable: the establishment of the Okhrana follows, a political police force armed with extensive powers and funds. ‘Sasha’ as he was known to the family was a relatively simple man who had no expectation of becoming Russian Tsar, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland until his elder brother Nicholas died in 1865. (Pobedonostsev appears as "Toporov" in Tolstoy's novel Resurrection. Encouraged by its successful assassination of Alexander II, the Narodnaya Volya movement began planning the murder of Alexander III. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the second son and third child of Emperor Alexander II and his first wife Maria Alexandrovna (née Princess Marie of Hesse). During the first 20 years of his life, Alexander had little prospect of succeeding to the throne, because he had an elder brother, Nicholas, who seemed of robust constitution. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. I was struck by the size of the man, and although cumbersome and heavy, he was still a mighty figure. [8] Two days after Empress Marie died, Alexander II told Alexander, “I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukaya is definite" but assured Alexander that "your rights will be safeguarded.”[9] Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed “forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life.”[10] Alexander II threatened to disinherit Alexander if Alexander left court out of protest against the marriage. In foreign affairs he was emphatically a man of peace but not a partisan of the doctrine of peace at any price. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II had signed an ukaz setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. Alexander III (Russian: Алекса́ндр III Алекса́ндрович, tr. Nicholas II was the last tsar of Russia under Romanov rule. Alexander enjoyed a more informal relationship with his youngest son Michael and doted on his youngest daughter, Olga. He died in the arms of his wife, and in the presence of his physician, Ernst Viktor von Leyden, at Maly Palace in Livadia on the afternoon of 1 November [O.S. Era o segundo filho do czar Alexandre II com sua esposa, a imperatriz Maria Alexandrovna. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas continued the tradition and commissioned two eggs, one for his wife, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother, Dagmar, every Easter. [2] He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. It reappeared in an intermittent fashion during the years 1875–79, when the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire posed serious problems for Europe. Through the teaching of the Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland, the destruction of the remnants of German, Polish, and Swedish institutions in the respective provinces, and the patronization of Eastern Orthodoxy, he attempted to realize this ideal. In the other provinces he clipped the feeble wings of the zemstvo (an elective local administration resembling the county and parish councils in England) and placed the autonomous administration of the peasant communes under the supervision of landed proprietors appointed by the government. On 2 June 1866, Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894)[1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. Indeed, he rather relished the idea of being of the same rough texture as some of his subjects. The museum was officially opened on 19 (O.S. Even when Nicholas first displayed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never taken seriously, and he was betrothed to Princess Dagmar of Denmark, daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Louise of Denmark, and whose siblings included King Frederick VIII of Denmark, Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom and King George I of Greece. "[35] When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you. His reign was one of conservative reaction and the repression of revolutionary and reform groups. "[34], In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya. Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian pigs. The eighth film. A Review Article", This page was last edited on 4 February 2021, at 10:25. Перейти до навігації Перейти до пошуку Industrial development increased during his reign. The efforts of Prince Alexander and afterwards of Stambolov to destroy Russian influence in the principality roused his indignation, but he vetoed all proposals to intervene by force of arms. [33] Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the Anichkov Palace, as opposed to the Winter Palace. Pobedonostsev instilled into the young man's mind the belief that zeal for Russian Orthodox thought was an essential factor of Russian patriotism to be cultivated by every right-minded emperor. Alexander III, Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, (born March 10 [Feb. 26, old style], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russia—died Nov. 1 [Oct. 20, O.S. Maria Fyodorovna's sister-in-law, Queen Olga of Greece, offered her villa of Mon Repos, on the island of Corfu, in the hope that it might improve the Tsar's condition. As a result, Alexander relocated his family to the Gatchina Palace, located 30 kilometres (20 mi) south of St. Petersburg. …reaction followed under his successor. Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. The future Alexander III was the second son of Alexander II and of Maria Aleksandrovna (Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt). Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the ballet, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. Tsar Alexander III . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Under these circumstances, the greatest solicitude was d… He gloried in the idea of being of the same rough texture as the great majority of his subjects. The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. [48] Alexander had better relationships with his other brothers: Alexei (who he made rear admiral and then a grand admiral of the Russian Navy), Sergei (who he made governor of Moscow) and Paul. "[36] In 1885, he commissioned Peter Carl Fabergé to produce the first of what were to become a series of jeweled Easter eggs (now called "Fabergé eggs") for her as an Easter gift. [citation needed] These sentiments would resurface during 1875–1879, when the Eastern Question excited Russian society. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. [citation needed] Girs was an architect of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1891, which was later expanded into the Triple Entente with the addition of Great Britain. He was a conscientious commander, but he was mortified when most of what Russia had obtained by the Treaty of San Stefano was taken away at the Congress of Berlin under the chairmanship of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck. (Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the Old Style Calendar), married 16 November 1916, Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky (1881–1958); had two children, 10 March [O.S. He and Maria Feodorovna were officially crowned and anointed at the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow on 27 May 1883. [citation needed], The Russian famine of 1891–92, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and the ensuing cholera epidemic permitted some liberal activity, as the Russian government could not cope with the crisis and had to allow zemstvos to help with relief (among others, Leo Tolstoy helped organize soup-kitchens, and Chekhov directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages). All the internal reforms that he initiated were intended to correct what he considered the too liberal tendencies of the previous reign. [43] Even at the end of his life, he considered Nicholas a child and told him, "I can't imagine you as a fiancee-- how strange and unusual! Even after Alexander took mistresses, their relationship remained close. Initially, Alexander refused to travel to Copenhagen because he wanted to marry Maria. [citation needed] These acts weakened the nobility and the peasantry and brought Imperial administration under the Emperor's personal control. All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization that had occurred in his father's reign. Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827–1907), he opposed any reform that limited his autocratic rule. Portrait by the artist Georges Becker of the coronation of Tsar Alexander III and Empress Maria Fyodorovna, which took place on 27 May [O.S. When he became tsar, he reflected that “no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa [Nicholas]"[5] and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas died. His poor handling of Bloody Sunday and Russia’s role in World War I led to his abdication and execution. La mort du tsar signe également celle de l’espoir constitutionnel libéral. His straightforward, abrupt manner savoured sometimes of gruffness, while his direct, unadorned method of expressing himself harmonized well with his rough-hewn, immobile features and somewhat sluggish movements. 1882). 1878) and Olga (b. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-III-emperor-of-Russia, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Alexander III, English Monarchs - Biography of Alexander III, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander III, History Learning Site - Biography of Alexander III, Alexander III - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander III - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). On the very day of his death he signed an ukaz creating a number of consultative commissions that might have been transformed eventually into a representative assembly. An inscription repeats his alleged saying "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy."[57]. Partisan convaincu des idées de Pobédonostsev, il les illustre au mieux dans ses décisions de politique intérieure. 7) March 1898. Updates? Raymond A. Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885,", Margaret Maxwell, "A Re-examination of the Rôle of N.K. [citation needed] Girs was in charge of a diplomacy that featured numerous negotiated settlements, treaties and conventions. The termination of the Russo-German alliance in 1890 drove Alexander reluctantly into an alliance with France, a country that he strongly disliked as the breeding place of revolutions. 1 March] 1881 – 1 November [O.S. [51] By the time that they reached Crimea, they stayed at the Maly Palace in Livadia, as Alexander was too weak to travel any farther. Alexander III; Nicholas II. März 1845greg. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The new Emperor believed that remaining true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (the ideology introduced by his grandfather, emperor Nicholas I) would save Russia from revolutionary agitation. His Russia fought no wars. The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. [citation needed] These ideas conflicted with those of his father, who had German sympathies despite being a patriot; Alexander II often used the German language in his private relations, occasionally ridiculed the Slavophiles and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance. Professor of Economics, Columbia University, 1956–63. "Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 1881-1889. A press law lays down preventive censorship for journals suspected by … Alexander's father, Alexander II, was assassinated by members of the extremist organization Narodnaya Volya. Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the second son and third child of Emperor Alexander II and his first wife Maria Alexandrovna (née Princess Marie of Hesse). [19], Alexander was hostile to Jews; His reign witnessed a sharp deterioration in the Jews' economic, social, and political condition. 1875), Michael (b. [26], Though Alexander was indignant at the conduct of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck towards Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germany—even reviving the League of Three Emperors for a period of time and in 1887, signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Germans. The Tsar's gaze! Author of. Oktoberjul./ 1. In 1994 it was again put on public display, in front of the Marble Palace. The studies of the tissue samples from the tomb of Tsar Alexander III, located at the St Peter & Paul Fortress began today, announced the Senior Investigator Criminologist on the case, Vladimir Solovyov. (russisch Александр III; gebürtig Alexander Alexandrowitsch Romanow, russisch Александр Александрович Романов; * 26. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. On his deathbed Alexander's elder brother … On March 13 (March 1, O.S. As a result, many Jews emigrated to Western Europe and the United States. Alexander had an extremely poor relationship with his brother Grand Duke Vladimir. [45] His sister-in-law, the Princess of Wales, would come from Great Britain with some of her children, and his brother-in-law, King George I of Greece, his wife, Queen Olga, who was a first cousin of Alexander and a Romanov Grand Duchess by birth, came with their children from Athens. [52] Recognizing that the Tsar's days were numbered, various imperial relatives began to descend on Livadia. Le 13 mars 1881, le tsar Alexandre III accède au trône dans les circonstances tragiques de l’assassinat de son père. Alexander III Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (Russisch: Александр III Александрович; Aleksandr III Aleksandrovitsj), bijgenaamd de "vredestichter" (Миротворец, Mirotvorets) (Sint-Petersburg, 26 februari 1845 — Jalta op de Krim, 20 oktober 1894) was van 1881 tot 1894 tsaar van het Russische Rijk Russia's hopes for a constitution also died that day. ", Nelipa, M., ALEXANDER III His Life and Reign (2014), Gilbert's Books. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In disposition he bore little resemblance to his softhearted, impressionable father and still less to his refined, chivalrous, yet complex granduncle, Alexander I. I often feel that I am not worthy of her, but even if this was true, I will do my best to be. Genealogy profile for Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias Genealogy for Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Romanov Holstein-Gottorp), Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (1845 - 1894) family tree on Geni, with over 200 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Polunov, A. Iu. When she nursed him in his final illness, Alexander told Dagmar, "Even before my death, I have got to known an angel. i Kreml,Moskva i Russland, død 1. mars jul. / 29. april 1818 greg. This included acquaintance with French, English and German, and military drill.[4]. [3] More than six feet tall (about 1.9 m), he was also noted for his immense physical strength. When Witte suggested that Nicholas participate in the Trans-Siberian Committee, Alexander said, “Have you ever tried to discuss anything of consequence with His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke? [citation needed], Alexander's political ideal was a nation composed of a single nationality, language, and religion, all under one form of administration. Alexandre III (São Petersburgo, 10 de março de 1845 – Livadia, 1 de novembro de 1894), foi o Imperador da Rússia de 1881 até sua morte. An account from the memoirs of the artist Alexander Benois gives one impression of Alexander III: After a performance of the ballet Tsar Kandavl at the Mariinsky Theatre, I first caught sight of the Emperor. Giers as Russian Foreign Minister under Alexander III. (editor, 1967) ". 20 October] 1894 at the age of forty-nine, and was succeeded by his eldest son Tsesarevich Nicholas, who took the throne as Nicholas II. "Tsar Alexander III and the Boulanger Crisis in France. Alexander became tsesarevich upon Nicholas's sudden death in 1865. During his reign, Russia fought no major wars; he was therefore styled "The Peacemaker" (Russian: Миротворец, tr. These agreements defined Russian boundaries and restored equilibrium to dangerously unstable situations. He deprecated undue foreign influence in general and German influence in particular. In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the German Empire,[30] it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russian interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of Saint Petersburg he confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the Congress, and shortly afterwards contracted an alliance with Austria-Hungary for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in Eastern Europe. "Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev—Man and Politician". As a whole, Alexander’s reign cannot be regarded as one of the eventful periods of Russian history; but it is arguable that under his hard, unsympathetic rule the country made some progress. At the same time, he sought to strengthen and centralize the imperial administration and to bring it more under his personal control. ", Despite his initial reluctance, Alexander grew fond of Dagmar. He received only the perfunctory training given to grand dukes of that period, which did not go much beyond primary and secondary instruction, acquaintance with French, English, and German, and military drill. 26 February] 1845 – 1 November [O.S. To this disappointment, moreover, Bismarck shortly afterward added the German alliance with Austria for the express purpose of counteracting Russian designs in eastern Europe. Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood: Nicholas (b. Enraged, Alexander II ordered him to go straight to Denmark and propose to Princess Dagmar. The couple spent their wedding night at the Tsarevich's private dacha known as "My Property". [56] Known as "Alexander the Great." There was indeed something of the muzhik [Russian peasant] about him. De 1865 à 1881, Alexandre n'a pas de rôle important dans les affaires publiques, bien qu'il soit désormais héritier du trône de Russie. "[47] This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife, Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna. The general negative consensus about the tsar's foreign policy follows the conclusions of the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury in 1885: In foreign affairs Alexander III was a man of peace, but not at any price, and held that the best means of averting war is to be well-prepared for it. These "land captains" (zemskiye nachalniki) were feared and resented throughout the Empire's peasant communities. "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government. That alliance brought France out of diplomatic isolation, and moved Russia from the German orbit to a coalition with France, one that was strongly supported by French financial assistance to Russia's economic modernization. However, his phlegmatic nature restrained him from many exaggerations, and any popular illusions he may have imbibed were dispelled by personal observation in Bulgaria where he commanded the left wing of the invading army. Alexander III synonyms, Alexander III pronunciation, Alexander III translation, English dictionary definition of Alexander III. 20 October] 1894. Alexander III. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At first, the Tsesarevich was more Slavophile than the Russian government.[how?] ", Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19, Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.29, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459, Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54, John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.128, Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A.